Insulin (human) is a peptide hormone that promotes glycogen synthesis and regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin (human) has hypoglycemic activity and is used clinically to treat hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

METHODS: Neonatal rat cardiomyocyte NRCMs were incubated with Insulin (100 nM) for 48 h, and the expression levels of target proteins were detected using Western Blot.
RESULTS: PE+Insulin treatment resulted in a slight decrease in relative hypertrophic protein levels compared to the PE group. TAC+GAS+Insulin induced a decrease in hypertrophy-associated proteins compared with the TAC+GAS group, and Insulin enhanced the protective effect of GAS against cardiac hypertrophy. [1]
METHODS: Bovine aortic endothelial cells bAECs were incubated with Insulin (100 nM) for 10-50 min, and the expression levels of target proteins were detected using the Immunoprecipitation method.
RESULTS: Insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of IRβ Tyr within 10 min, reached a maximum at 30 min, and decreased thereafter. [2]
METHODS: Vascular smooth muscle cells CVSMCs were treated with Insulin (1-100 nM) for 48 h. RANKL expression was detected by qRT-PCR.
RESULTS: 1 nM Insulin had no effect on RANKL mRNA expression. 5 nM Insulin stimulation resulted in a significant increase in RANKL mRNA levels, and 10 nM Insulin had the greatest effect on RANKL mRNA expression levels. At significantly supraphysiologic insulin concentrations, RANKL mRNA levels decreased slightly compared to the maximal effect of Insulin. [3]

METHODS: To test the antitumor activity in vivo, Insulin (0.035 mg per mouse) and anti-PD1 (0.25 mg per mouse) were intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6 mice bearing mouse colorectal carcinoma tumor MC38 every two days for five administrations.
RESULTS: anti-PD1 significantly inhibited the growth of MC38 tumors, while Insulin promoted the growth of MC38 tumors. The therapeutic effect of the combination of Insulin and anti-PD1 on MC38 tumor suppression was attenuated compared to anti-PD1 treatment alone. anti-PD1 significantly increased the number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells, whereas Insulin significantly decreased the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. [4]
METHODS: To study virus-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Insulin (1 mg) was administered orally to RIP-LCMV tg mice twice a week for two months.
RESULTS: Insulin treatment was effective in preventing the progression of islet infiltration to overt IDDM in pre-diabetic tg mice. Oral administration of Insulin did not affect the production of LCMV-NP-specific anti auto-cytotoxic T lymphocytes or the infiltration of lymphocytes into the pancreas. [5]